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Pesticides vary in their effects on bees. Contact pesticides are usually sprayed on plants and can kill bees when they crawl over sprayed surfaces of plants or other media. Systemic pesticides, on the other hand, are usually incorporated into the soil or onto seeds and move up into the stem, leaves, nectar, and pollen of plants.〔(Ministry of Agriculture )〕 Dust and wettable powder pesticides tend to be more hazardous to bees than solutions or emulsifiable concentrates for contact pesticides. Actual damage to bee populations is a function of toxicity and exposure of the compound, in combination with the mode of application. A systemic pesticide, which is incorporated into the soil or coated on seeds, may kill soil-dwelling insects, such as grubs or mole crickets as well as other insects, including bees, that are exposed to the leaves, fruits, pollen, and nectar of the treated plants.〔(Ecological Risk Assessment )〕〔(University of Georgia Cooperative Extension )〕 ==Classification== Insecticide toxicity is generally measured using acute contact toxicity values – the exposure level that causes 50% of the population exposed to die. Toxicity thresholds are generally set at〔() Pollinator protection requirements for Section 18 Emergency Exemptions and Section 24(c) special local need registration in Washington State; Registration Services Program Pesticide Management Division Washington State Dept of Agriculture, Dec 2006〕〔Hunt, G.J.; (Using honey bees in pollination ) Purdue University, May 2000〕 * highly toxic (acute LD50 < 2μg/bee) * moderately toxic (acute LD50 2 - 10.99μg/bee) * slightly toxic (acute LD50 11 - 100μg/bee) * nontoxic (acute LD50 > 100μg/bee) to adult bees. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pesticide toxicity to bees」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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